Recycling potential in the European Union (EU) of low voltage three-phase induction motors up to 75 kW of power: quantitative analysis

This article quantifies the recycling potential of the metallic materials that make up three-phase induction motors. The data on the use of electric motors by type and power determines that the most significant recycling potential lies in this low-voltage motor which powers up to 75 kW. The work aims to show the possibility of such recycling in the European Union (EU). The metals used to make the various parts of the induction motor and the main recycling methods that allow their reuse are listed. It evaluates which part of the motor can apply these recycling methods relatively easily (stator) and which part is more complex (rotor). A calculation process is used to exhaustively quantify the metals that incorporate different motors selected for other powers to determine the amounts of material that can be recycled and reused to manufacture new equipment. The recycling potential is quantifies by parts (stator and rotor) employing approximate equations obtained from the study and by materials (copper, aluminum, magnetic sheet, steel). The data calculated, the economic volume, the possibilities of energy-saving, and the environmental advantages of dedicating efforts and resources for collecting, recycling, and reusing the materials in three-phase induction motors for industrial applications show. The withdrawal of electric motors in industrial applications, due to causes related to the restructuring of production processes, manufacturing systems, breakdowns, or directly due to aging, generates considerable possibilities of reusing the metals used in their manufacture.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Centrales electricas minihidraulicas: aplicacion en una zona rural subdesarrollada

La implementación de microcentrales hidroeléctricas en zonas subdesarrolladas permite acceder a la energía eléctrica a comunidades rurales, cuando las dificultades para disponer del suministro a partir de las líneas eléctricas de transporte son insalvables por motivos de aislamiento o de coste económico. Previo análisis general de estas microcentrales, presentaremos los resultados más relevantes en un estudio práctico para la posible implementación de una microcentral en Perú, concretamente en el pueblo de Chambamontera, provincia de Jaén. El estudio realizado ha tenido la cooperación del organismo de colaboración técnica internacional llamado ITDG-Perú, que ha proporcionado información acerca de la localización geográfica para la microcentral. Aún así, debido a las dificultades para disponer de datos suficientes sobre el terreno donde se debería construir la microcentral, en el estudio no se han determinado los componentes que conciernen a la obra civil. Aún así se ha descrito, en parte, los componentes y las tecnologías más apropiadas para la microcentral, centrándose el estudio principalmente en la selección de los componentes eléctricos, como son la turbina hidráulica, el generador y el transformador. Además, se propone utilizar un método de gestión para pequeños sistemas eléctricos aislados para analizar la posible viabilidad económica. Los resultados presentados forman parte del proyecto final de carrera realizado por Jaime Castellano en la EPSEVG y tutorizado por Marcel Torrent del Departament d’Enginyeria Elèctrica de la UPC.Postprint (author’s final draft

Influence of equivalent circuit resistances on operating parameters on three-phase induction motors with powers up to 50 kw

This work shows the results obtained from studying the influence of equivalent circuit resistances on three-phase induction motors. The stator resistance, rotor resistance, and iron losses resistance affect the different motor operating variables (output power, current, speed, power factor, starting ratios, and maximum torque). These influences have been quantified, paying particular attention to the losses affected and their impact on efficiency. The study carried out does not apply optimization techniques. It evaluates the different influences of the equivalent circuit’s different resistances on its operation by evaluating applicable constructive modifications concerning available motors. The work has been limited to three-phase induction motors up to 50 kW and low voltage, with the nominal powers of the selected motors being 0.25 kW, 1.5 kW, 7.5 kW, 22 kW, and 45 kW. The tools used to carry out the study are analyzing the equivalent circuit and the simulation of the electromagnetic structure using a finite-element program. The variations proposed in each resistance for all the motors studied is not purely theoretical, as it is based on applying feasible constructive modifications, appropriately analyzed and simulated. These modifications are the variation of the conductor diameter in the stator coils, the change of the section of the rotor cage, and the selection of different ferromagnetic steel types. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, SwitzerlandPeer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Replacing induction motors without defined efficiency class by IE class: example of energy, economic, and environmental evaluation in 1.5 kW—IE3 motors

This paper shows the results obtained from the study on the variables that have the greatest influence on the decision to replace three-phase induction motors, without a defined efficiency class and installed in industrial applications, with IE3 efficiency class induction motors. The work has been carried out on motors with a nominal power of 1.5 kW due to the availability of laboratory tests that have allowed us to accurately quantify the selected study variables. According to IEC 60034-30, between 0.75 kW and 4 kW is the greatest potential for energy savings in electric motors installed within the industrial sector. The tests carried out have made it possible to assess different operating conditions of the motor: direct power supply from the grid, electronic power supply using scalar control, and electronic power supply using direct torque control. The study has focused on three aspects: energy evaluation, assessing the savings potential; economic evaluation, based on indicators such as Payback Period and Net Present Value; environmental assessment, quantifying the impact indicators proposed by the Methodology for Ecodesign of Energy-related Products (MEErP). A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to quantify, through ratios, different operating points from those directly analyzed in the article.This work was supported by the Universitat Politècnica de atalunya under the project AGRUPS R-02140.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Electromagnetic evaluation of an in-wheel double rotor axial-flux switched reluctance motor for electric traction

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Segmented stator switched reluctance motor drive for light electric vehicle

The world market of electric light vehicles will significantly increase in the coming years. What will require the development of better high-performance drives with lowcost, and, if possible, free of permanent magnets. A segmented stator switched reluctance motor is presented to fulfill this objective because it has advantages over the conventional switched reluctance machines, such as segmented stator construction, stator shorter flux paths without flux reversal, and as a consequence, fewer iron losses. Simulations will demonstrate that the proposed segmented stator switched reluctance motor drive is suitable as a powertrain for light electric vehicles.This work was supported by the project TED 2021129912B-I00.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

La sostenibilitat i l'ensenyament dels accionaments elèctrics

Avui en dia, la selecció de motors i d’accionaments elèctrics per una aplicació específica requereix d’un coneixement exhaustiu de l’aplicació en qüestió, d’una sòlida base sobre la seva constitució i funcionament però, a més, l’elecció final ha de ser sostenible. En aquesta comunicació es reflexiona sobre les consideracions nergètiques (pèrdues, velocitat variable, rendiment), ambientals (anàlisi del cicle de vida, reciclabilitat) i econòmiques (Payback, VAN, TIR) que s’han de seguir per arribar a una solució sostenible i de com aquestes consideracions poden introduir-se en els cursos sobre màquines i accionaments elèctrics sense sobrecarregar el temari i sense solapar continguts amb altres assignatures.Peer Reviewe

In-wheel axial-flux SRM drive for light electric vehicles

Revenues from global sales of light electric vehicles are expected to grow from $9.3 billion in 2017 to$ 23.9 billion in 2025. In order to boost this growth electric drives with better features and lower costs have to be developed. This paper presents a new in-wheel axial-flux switched reluctance motor with double rotor and a particular disposition of the stator and rotor poles that provides short flux path without flux reversal. The magnetic active parts of the stator and the rotor are built using soft magnetic composites. The motor is fed from batteries trough a on purpose designed electronic power controller. Simulation of the whole drive, using Matlab-Simulink coupled with the results of the three dimensional finite analysis of the motor is carried out. Simulation results prove that the proposed in-wheel axial-flux switched reluctance motor drive is adequate for the propulsion of electric light vehicles

Electromagnetic evaluation of an in-wheel double rotor axial-flux switched reluctance motor for electric traction

In this paper, a novel in-wheel double rotor axialflux switched reluctance motor for electric traction is presented. The proposed double rotor axial-flux switched reluctance motor has a particular disposition of the stator and rotor poles that provides short flux path without flux reversal. The ferromagnetic pieces of the stator and the rotor are built using soft magnetic composites. Electromagnetic analysis is performed using three dimensional finite element analyses, 3D FEA. Matlab-Simulink simulation coupled with the results of finite element analysis proves that the proposed motor drive is suitable for the propulsion of a given E-scooter.Postprint (published version

Switched reluctance drives for electric vehicle applications

Electric vehicles are the only alternative for a clean, efficient and environmentally friendly urban transport system. With the increasing interest in electric drives for electric vehicle propulsion. This paper first tries to explain why the switched reluctance drive is a strong candidate for electric vehicle applications. It then gives switched reluctance drive design guidelines for battery or fuel cell operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power train.Preprin